哲学中的语言学

这本书是碰巧遇到的。里面中英对照，是北大以前某课堂的教学用书。目前随便看看。

摘抄

语言学的研究是经验性的概括，因而使表述偶然事实的。哲学命题则相反，它们不是经验性的概括，而且也不能由经验性的概括来支持。所以，语言学的结果都不能等同于哲学命题，也不能支持哲学命题。语言学家们自己都想当然地接受了这个论证的第一个前提。

疑问

演绎式的上层建筑

表达

In the first place I do not think that these authers sufficiently appreciate the difficulties arising out of the claim that philosophical are a priori.
首先，我认为，他们都没有充分认识到“哲学陈述都是先天的”这个论断所带来的困难。

Owing to some advances made in the last decade or so, which really amount to a break-through, we now have a fairly elaborate and quite powerful grammar of English language, which, even if not complete and unified, is very servicable in handing individual problems.
在这方面，最近十年来有巨大进展，应当说大有突破，从而我们现在掌握的英语语法学已经相当精当、相当有用了，尽管这部语法并不完备，也不统一，但满可以用来处理一些具体的语法问题了。

I am aware that a mere appeal to the practical to the importance of semantics is not sufficient to explain the ruluctant that some people, like Ryle and Cavell ,fell toward admitting linguists to the pastures of philosophy.
我知道，仅仅指出语义学对实际研究工作没有什么助益，这还不足以解释赖尔和卡维尔这些哲学家为什么很不愿意在哲学园地中容纳语言学。

If these arguments are sound, then no matter how many illustration I may produce, I still must labor under an illusion —— just as it is true that contra factum non valet argument , it is also true that contra argument bonum non existit factum.
如果这些论点是正确的，那么，无论举出多少实例，我仍然注定是在幻觉中辛苦操劳——因为，虽说事实胜于雄辩，但面对完善的论证事实却也无能为力。

I shall now survey these arguments. In doing so I shall not restrict myself to the reasons offered by Ryle and CAvell, but shall broaden and strengthen them in such a way as to express some qualms of authers who oppose ordinary language philosophy in general.
所以，我现在就概括一下这些论点。我们这里不限于赖尔和卡维尔提出过的这些论证，而是拓宽和加深他们的论证，以便把那些从根本上反对日常语言派哲学的作家们的争点也一道表达出来。

The first objection is formidable one.
第一个反对意见是一个很难对付的点。

I am willing to debate the issue on their own ground.
我可以从他们的立场出发来讨论这个问题。

It is interesting to note that the very words of the chief defender of the purity of philosophy are summoned to make the point clear.
有趣的是，那些捍卫哲学纯粹性的主要人物的言辞常被原封不动地用来阐述他们的观点。

empirical generalization 经验性概括
contingent fact 偶然事实
priori nature of philosophy 哲学的先天性质
categorical declaratives 绝对不容质疑的陈述